Objective Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia is a common disease in children with respiratory tract infection. Interstitial inflammation is one of the main pathological manifestations of Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection. This paper introduces the research progress of modern molecular biology of platelets, macrophages and fibroblasts involved in pulmonary interstitial inflammation and their unique role in Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia. Finally, it summarizes the influence of traditional Chinese medicine intervention on the microenvironment of pulmonary interstitial inflammation in the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia.