Objective To observe the expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3) and related inflammatory factors in the small intestine and liver of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) rats caused by high-fat diet. Methods After one week of adaptive feeding, 20 SD male rats were randomly divided into a normal group and a model group with 10 rats in each group. The normal group was fed with ordinary diet and the model group was fed with high-fat diet. Samples were collected at the end of the 8th week to observe liver HE and Oil Red O stained pathological sections, and detect alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), and interleukin 18 (IL) in serum and liver -18), interleukin 1β (IL-1β). Detect the expression of NLRP3 in liver and intestine. Results Compared with the normal group, the liver of the model group showed obvious steatosis and inflammatory lesions. The ALT, AST and TG in the liver and serum were significantly increased(P<0.05), and the TC was increased, but the difference was not significant. IL-18 and IL-1β were significantly increased(P<0.05); the expression of NLRP3 in the liver and small intestine was also significantly increased(P<0.05). Conclusion NAFLD can cause up-regulation of NLRP3 and related inflammatory factors in the small intestine and liver of rats.