Objective Based on data mining and network pharmacology methods, in-depth study on the dosing pattern and potential mechanism of action of traditional Chinese medicine for treating weak spermatozoa, combined with molecular docking for validation. Methods We searched and screened the literature of traditional Chinese medicines for treating weak spermatids in Chinese and English databases, constructed a prescription database of traditional Chinese medicines for weak spermatids, and screened the core drug combinations by applying the R language to carry out the frequency statistics of sex and flavor attribution, association rule analysis, and systematic clustering analysis. The network pharmacology method was used to predict the potential active ingredients and targets of the core drugs, and then the PPI network was constructed to screen out the key targets of the core drug combinations for the treatment of weak spermatogenesis, followed by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis, and the above data were used to construct the component-intersecting target-signaling pathway network diagram to screen out the main components. The key targets and main components were selected for molecular docking to verify the binding activity between components-targets. Results 103 papers were included in the literature, and 109 Chinese herbal compounds or proprietary Chinese medicines were screened for the treatment of weak spermatogenesis, involving 189 flavors of Chinese medicines. Combined with association rules and systematic clustering analysis, the core drug combination of "raspberry-psyllium-wolfberry-cuscuta-schizandra" was obtained. Then 67 potential active ingredients were screened out, and 231 component targets and 699 disease-related targets were obtained. 46 intersecting targets were obtained, and then a PPI network was constructed to screen out the key targets. Enrichment analysis revealed that the intersected targets involved TNF, MAPK, IL17, HIF-1, mTOR, PI3K-Akt, NF-κB, p53 and other signaling pathways, including apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, cell differentiation, gonadotropin secretion, cell cycle, angiogenesis and so on. The molecular docking results showed that the binding activity between the key targets and the main components was good, among which β-sitosterol had the lowest binding energy to the CASP3 target. Results 103 articles were included, leading to the selection of 109 TCM formulas, involving 189 different medicinal ingredients. By applying association rules and systematic cluster analysis, the core drug combination was identified. Furthermore, 67 potential active ingredients were screened, resulting in 231 component-target interactions and 699 disease-related targets. The intersection yielded 46 key targets, then used to construct the PPI network. Enrichment analysis revealed the involvement of multiple signaling pathways, such as TNF, MAPK, IL17, HIF-1, mTOR, PI3K-Akt, NF-κB, p53, encompassing processes like apoptosis, inflammatory response, oxidative stress, cell differentiation, gonadotropin secretion, cell cycle, and angiogenesis. Molecular docking results indicated favorable binding activities between key targets and significant components, with β-sitosterol showing the lowest binding affinity to the CASP3 target. Conclusion TCM prescriptions for asthenozoospermia primarily focus on reinforcing the kidney, replenishing vital essence, invigorating the spleen, promoting blood circulation, and removing dampness and turbidity while emphasizing the smooth flow of vital energy. The key targets and signaling pathways identified in the core drug combination for treating asthenozoospermia are mainly associated with inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and apoptosis, providing valuable insights and references for future clinical and experimental research on TCM interventions for asthenozoospermia.