The theory of collateral disease is one of the important contributions of Ye Tianshi to the clinical diagnosis and treatment of internal injuries and miscellaneous diseases. At present, there are more theoretical studies and clinical practice studies on the theory of collateral disease, and the clinical therapeutic effect is considerable, but there are fewer physiological and pathological researches on the further study of the theory. In this paper, we intend to summarize the mechanism of the effect of the drugs on the microcirculation and explore the relationship between the theory of collateral disease and the microcirculation from the characteristics of the drugs used in the theory of collateral disease as an entry point. In order to better serve the clinic and find more effective breakthroughs for the contemporary difficult and complicated diseases in various disciplines.