Objective To explore the potential mechanism of volatile oil of Taohong Siwu decoction in the prevention and treatment of ischemic stroke. Methods The volatile oil components of Taohong Siwu decoction were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(GC-MS). Swiss Target Prediction, PubChem and TCMSP databases collected the targets corresponding to related components, as well as TTD, Drug Bank and Geen Cards databases and literature collected the relevant targets of ischemic stroke, and constructed drug-target and disease-target networks. The potential targets of Taohong Siwu decoction volatile oil intervention in ischemic stroke were screened by the fusion of the two methods. The PPI network of potential core targets was obtained by introducing the STRING platform, and GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed. Results From the volatile oil of Taohong Siwu decoction, 36 components and 159 potential core targets were found. These components can contribute to the pathological process of ischemic stroke through a variety of pathways, including the calcium signaling pathway, the Rap1 signaling pathway, the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway, the nitrogen compound reaction, and others. Conclusion This study reveals the probable mechanism of Taohong Siwu decoction volatile oil in treating ischemic stroke, giving a scientific foundation for further investigation.