Renal osteodystrophy is a serious bone disease caused by a decline in renal function, which affects a large number of patients in China and significantly impacts their survival and prognosis. This article summarizes recent clinical research literature on renal osteodystrophy and finds that bone biopsy remains the gold standard for diagnosis. However, due to its invasive nature and high cost, clinical implementation remains challenging. Meanwhile, given that the mechanism of renal osteodystrophy has not yet been clarified, the commonly used diagnostic means have various limitations. However, the emergence of combined bone biomarker detection and 18F-NaF PET/CT imaging provides the possibility of replacing bone biopsy. Chinese medicine can treat renal osteodystrophy in various forms with good efficacy; Western medicine can treat renal osteodystrophy through drugs and surgery, the efficacy is accurate but often causes various adverse reactions. Combining Chinese and Western medicine in the treatment of renal osteodystrophy can not only improve the clinical efficacy, but also alleviate the adverse reactions caused by the treatment of Western medicine alone, which is worth being popularized in the future.