Complexity science investigates the behavior and evolution of complex systems, characterized by factors such as element diversity and interactions. Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM) syndrome differentiation and treatment represent a complex giant system involving multiple layers of factors and variables, with intricate interrelationships. TCM emphasizes individual differences, a holistic perspective, and dynamic equilibrium. Syndrome differentiation and treatment constitute a multi-scale complex network, demonstrating profound connections with complexity system issues. This paper focuses on the complexity of TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment, applying complexity system theory to TCM research to enhance the understanding of its unique therapeutic effects and application value. As a crucial approach to addressing complex problems, artificial intelligence, if applied to resolving the complexity of TCM syndrome differentiation and treatment, can deeply reveal the scientific foundations of TCM.